Study of price trend in Iran, showed that general level of prices is rising continually during time. An inflation situation has effect on most economic variables. Therefore investigation of effective factors and variables on inflation is important. Exchange rate and GAP in product are factors which affect inflation. In this paper the impact of exchange rate shocks and GAP on inflation in Iran’s economy with use of Hoderik Prescott filter and Kalman filter for analyzing exchange rate shocks and GAP during the time 1998: 1-2007: 4 in Johanson Cointegration test and VECM Model has studied. Main results indicated that, positive exchange rate shock has a negative effect and negative exchange rate shocks has a positive effect on inflation in the long run and sustainability in inflation in long run is less depended to exchange rate rather than short run. Also the GAP in gross domestic product and liquidity has a positive effect on inflation. So taking suitable exchange rate policy could be one way for controlling inflation.

Context and purpose. Obtaining the private GAP standard for healthy product certification due to costs is out of reach in many small and mediumsized farms among smallholder farmers. GroupGAP has provided a much-anticipated alternative where operators and farmers' cooperatives can pay the cost of certification on a cost-sharing basis. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to explain the development strategies of GAP standard with emphasis on GroupGAP in the rice production system of Mazandaran province. Methodology/approach. Current research is qualitative and data analysis was conducted in the grounded theory method, during a three-stage process of open coding, central coding, and selective coding. The data collection tool included an in-depth and semi-structured interview with a qualitative content analysis technique, which was analyzed through Maxquda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and managers of the Rice Farmers Cooperative Company of Mazandaran Province, who were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Findings and conclusions. After extracting the concepts of the content analysis of the interviews, 9 conceptual codes out of 30 initial codes were identified in the first stage of coding. After refining and merging, the codes were classified into 3 subcategories. These components include the group certification system, the development of publicGAP programs and the development of private GAP. In the group certificates, the two dimensions of contract system development and guaranteed purchase, the development of the cooperative company for the production of healthy products have been taken into consideration. It is recommended to strengthen the organizations and cooperatives of farmers and exporters, especially to strengthen young farmers and women organizations. Originality. Originality/innovation: Due to the importance of the GAP standard issue and farmers' problems in providing the audit fees and establishment of GAP certificate, so far, no comprehensive study has been carried out in Iran on the development of operational strategies for the establishment of GAP and GroupGAP. Therefore, the current research is an attempt to provide a useful framework in explaining GAP standard development strategies with the participation of farmers in adopting the government, private, group and cooperative certification system.

As public welfare rises in global level and societies exhibit tendencies toward civil liberties and other aspects of democracy, Economics scholars tend to search for democracy indices and factors affecting democracy. Following this stream, in this article we seek answering the question: Is democracy -as an efficient political system- secured by taxation or by using revenues from natural resources (in particular, oil)? To answer this question, we use panel data model with data from 100 countries between 2008 and 2011. We then analyze the relationship between tax ratio in GDP and democracy index; and compare it with the relationship between ratio of revenue from natural resource in GDP and democracy index. The results show that in 100 countries the tax ratio in GDP definitely has positive effects and significant relationship with democracy index, and the oil revenue ratio in GDP is negatively related with democracy index in such a way that the higher the oil revenue ratio in GDP is (in the oil-producing countries) the lower the democracy index. Similarly, the higher the tax ratio in GDP is (in the industrialized countries), the higher the democracy index.

Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is used as binder in propellants. Energetic ionic liquids are used as plasticizer to improve the properties of polymer. In the present study, firstly, ionic liquid was bonded to the GAP by certain amount and then the energetic anions of nitrate (NO3) and azide (N3) were used to exchange anion. FTIR analyses confirm accurately anions exchange. DSC, viscometer and heat of combustion analyses have been carried out. The glass transition temperature, viscosity, and GAP energy were changed by anion exchange. Glass transition temperatures for ionic liquids with nitrate (NO3) and azide (N3) anions were measured to be-43. 25 ° C and-40. 91 ° C, viscosities 4 Pa. s and 5 Pa. s and heats of combustion were 20. 46 kJ/g and 19. 98 kJ/g, respectively. The results of the analysis indicate that the ionic liquid with nitrate anion gives better results compared to the ionic liquid with azide anion.

This paper estimates the long term trend in Iran real GDP using a new econometric technique, Adaptive Least Squares (ALS). ALS is a special case of the Kalman Filter that allows for a time varying parameter model to be estimated relatively easily. The estimated trend is then used to estimate the output GAP. According to results, coefficients of GAPs in models with GAP, are not significantly different from zero, there up on model with intercept and trend and without any GAPs have been tested. The output GAP estimation that has been provided in this paper can be used in monetary policies. The comparison of results of ALS, OLS and HP filter shows that the ALS method provides a better estimate.

In this paper, we examine all the macroeconomic time series which can be considered as potential leading indicators of the state of real activity in Iran, to find the best leading indicators. According to Einian and Barakchian (1393), Nonoil GDP show the fluctuations of real activity in Iran better than other variables. Hence, in our study we consider Non-oil GDP as the target variable and the dating of the business cycles are identified following Einian and Barakchian (1393). 265 macroeconomic variables, obtained from the data sets released by the Central Bank of Iran, are used to construct 1590 potential leading indicators; 6 kinds of transformations are applied to each variable in order to generate 1590 series. These time series are quarterly series which span the period of 1367Q1 to 1387Q2. The number of Missing Points, False Alarm Points, Late Alarm Points, Concordance, and Standard Deviation in forecasting peaks and troughs are used as the main criteria to evaluate the potential leading indicators. The results show that no variable does well in terms of all the criteria; however, there exist 20 variables which performs well in forecasting peaks and troughs and there exist 6 variables which perform well in terms of the standard deviation of the forecasts. Therefore, selecting a set of potential leading indicators to construct a composite leading indicator for non-oil GDP depends entirely on the importance of each criterion for the institutes/researchers who develop the composite leading indicator. We also evaluate the potential leading indicators based on their release lags in the Central Bank's publications. Samaee and Atrianfar (1390) have shown that the national accounts' data have the longest lag (more than 6 months on average), and therefore, we suggest to diminish their role in constructing the composite leading indicator.

In recent decades, the flow of foreign direct investment has been more visible in the global economy, and its impact on other factors including the institution is considered. The aim of this study is investigating the effects of foreign direct investment on institutional GAPs between Iran and selected countries during the period 2001-2017. For this purpose, panel data method and generalized least squares approach have been used for selected countries. The results of the study show that foreign direct investment has a significant and negative effect on the institutional GAP. The population variable in the host country (Iran) has a significant and negative effect on the institutional GAP, but in the selected countries has a non-significant and positive effect on the institutional GAP. The economic growth in the host country (Iran) has a negative and non-significant effect and in selected countries it has a positive and significant effect on the institutional GAP. The geographical distance has a significant and positive effect on the institutional GAP between Iran and selected countries.

This research was carried out with the general purpose of designing and explaining the optimal model for extension GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. The research was qualitative. Data analysis was done with the method of qualitative content analysis of scientific and semi-structured interviews by extracting codes, concepts and categorizing categories, during a three-step process of open coding, central coding and selective coding through Maxqda software. The statistical population of the research was 18 experts and specialists of the Agricultural Jihad Organization and rice farmers' cooperatives of Mazandaran province and the academic staff of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, who were selected by purposeful sampling. Analysis of semi-structured interviews was done through the technique of qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. The interviews were studied line by line. the content analysis of the conceptualization process was done to explain the model. In the first stage of coding, 56 contents among 260 conceptual codes were identified, and after refining and merging, the codes were classified into 19 subcategories. Coding of categories was determined with coherence and logical order and accurate connection with axial coding. And it led to the paradigm model of explaining the pattern of extension and development of GAP standard in rice fields of Mazandaran province. The obtained pattern of causal conditions (exploitation system, psychological behavior and effective drivers), It shows strategies (system of group certificates, development of government GAP programs and development of private GAP standard), intervening conditions (supporting and facilitating factors, motivating and stimulating factors, limiting and inhibiting factors), background conditions (legal, institutional and political requirements and technological and innovative capabilities) and consequences (environmental, social and economic sustainable development) for the promotion and development of GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province. The obtained pattern of causal conditions (exploitation system, psychological behavior and effective drivers), It shows strategies (system of group certificates, development of government GAP programs and development of private GAP standard), intervening conditions (supporting and facilitating factors, motivating and stimulating factors, limiting and inhibiting factors), background conditions (legal, institutional and political requirements and technological and innovative capabilities) and consequences (environmental, social and economic sustainable development) for the promotion and development of GAP standard in the rice fields of Mazandaran province.